[130] "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son. The only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Massachusetts is a big part of Calvin Coolidge’s story. 99. On December 6, 1923 a presidential address was broadcast on a radio network for the first time as President Coolidge spoke to a joint session of Congress. https://healthresearchfunding.org/4-major-accomplishments-of-calvin-coolidge Calvin Coolidge 30th President of the United States: 1923 ‐ 1929 Address at the Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [121] Congress agreed, and tax rates were reduced in Coolidge's term. [51] McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one-year terms, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes. Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president of the United States (1923–29). He delivered the statement on handwritten strips of paper to reporters traveling with him on his summer vacation in 1927. You have JavaScript disabled. Calvin Coolidge, 30th president of the United States, was born in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, on July 4, 1872. Abraham Lincoln - 8x10 . lllustrated biography that discusses the childhood, career, family, and presidential term of America's 30th president, Calvin Coolidge. Don't hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table. Calvin Coolidge, who became president on August 2, 1923 after the death of Warren Harding, oversaw a period of tremendous prosperity—the Roaring Twenties. We'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better. A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts. Coolidge was quick … [59] The mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters, convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days, but with no results, and Curtis suspended the union leaders on September 8. "[175] Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the nomination of the popular commerce secretary. [48] Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor. The "Sky Parlor," as it was originally called after attic rooms in old Virginia houses, has descended through time as the "Solarium." In this episode, White House Historical Association President Stewart... Presidents have found different ways to escape the pressures and politics of the position. George Washington - 8x10 . Calvin Coolidge. In March 1929, Coolidge left the White House to his successor Herbert Hoover and returned to Northampton for retirement. Whether this characterization is fair could be debated endlessly by historians, but by all appearances, he was the President that America needed when he assumed the Office. His place of birth was in Plymouth Notch in the United States. By the light of a kerosene lamp, his father, who was a notary public, administered the oath of office as Coolidge placed his hand on the family Bible. ", "Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers", September 14, 1919. Coolidge's father married a Plymouth schoolteacher in 1891, and lived to the age of 80. He then studied the law down in Northampton. Nickname: "Silent Cal" Born: July 4, 1872, in Plymouth, Vermont Died: January 5, 1933, in Northampton, Massachusetts Father: John Calvin Coolidge, Sr. (1845-1926) Mother: Victoria Josephine Moor Coolidge (1850-1885) Married: Grace Anna Goodhue (1879-1957), on October 4, 1905 Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party. Visiting the Calvin Coolidge Historic site was like taking a step back in time. [102] In May 1924, the World War I veterans' World War Adjusted Compensation Act or "Bonus Bill" was passed over his veto. What they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. [8], John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, the only U.S. president to be born on Independence Day. Calvin Coolidge, 1926. [45] Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated primarily due to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in favor of the women's vote, won his own re-election and with Crane's help, assumed the presidency of a closely divided Senate. Calvin Coolidge - Silent Cal is the biography of Calvin Coolidge, the thirtieth President of the United States (1923-1929). [43], Coolidge's speech was well received, and he attracted some admirers on its account;[47] towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. The parlor in the Coolidge Home where Calvin took the oath of office. Somewhere between F+ and D- probably. Perhaps D to D+ would be fairer. He did inherit a situation somewhat like the one that Gerald Ford inherited... At 2:47am on August 3, 1923, Vice President Calvin Coolidge became the 30th president of the United States when he took the oath of office in the sitting room of this modest frame and clapboard farmhouse. [96] According to Hoehling, he did not question Daugherty's reason for requesting a second oath-taking but assumed it was to resolve any doubt about whether the first swearing-in was valid. Coolidge died suddenly from coronary thrombosis at "The Beeches", at 12:45 p.m., January 5, 1933, at age 60. He stated that although the diversity of peoples was a detrimental source of conflict and tension in Europe, it was peculiar for the United States that it was a "harmonious" benefit for the country. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a dry sense of humor. When President John Calvin Coolidge was born on 4 July 1872, in Plymouth, Windsor, Vermont, United States, his father, John Calvin Coolidge, was 27 and his mother, Victoria Josephine Moor, was 26. Facts about Calvin Coolidge present the information about the 30th president of United States. Like Harding he encouraged vigorous Federal efforts to end lynching and backed U.S. membership in the World Court. Coolidge as VP took the office of president on the sudden death of Warren Harding and was elected into a second term. Although not an isolationist, he was reluctant to enter into foreign alliances. After 25 years he wrote of Grace, "for almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities and I have rejoiced in her graces". [38] He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin. If it is to protect the rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. He replied, "You lose. On December 6, 1923, his speech to Congress was broadcast on radio,[185] the first presidential radio address. Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong. He returned to Washington the following day. Found insideThis biography introduces readers to the life of Calvin Coolidge including his early political career and key events from Coolidge's administration including the Kellogg-Briand Pact and Coolidge Prosperity. [94] Coolidge dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled. When asked why they attended so many social functions, Calvin Coolidge replied, "Got to eat somewhere." Family Pass (up to 8 people): $25.00. Later on, he became the 30th president of the United States of America.Before this, he was serving as Warren G. Harding’s vice president. Words are done in satin stitch. His wife, Grace Goodhue Coolidge, recounted that a young woman sitting next to Coolidge at a dinner party confided to him she had bet she could get at least three words of conversation from him. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. And it suits all those who have become convinced that government in this country has become dangerously complicated and top-heavy….”, Coolidge was both the most negative and remote of Presidents, and the most accessible. On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to all American Indians living on reservations. John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923-1929), succeeding to office upon the death of Warren G. Harding. "[128] Instead of manipulating prices, he favored instead Herbert Hoover's proposal to increase profitability by modernizing agriculture. Buttoned up and tight-lipped, Calvin Coolidge seemed out of place as the leader of a nation plunging headlong into the modern era. The taciturn New Englander became a vice presidential candidate by chance, then with the death of Warren G. Harding was thrust into the White House to preside dourly over the Roaring Twenties. He then ran with Warren Hardingto become [79], The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James M. Cox, for president and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for vice president. His father John Calvin Coolidge farmed in Windsor County, Vermont. Senators, never considered him seriously. "If I take another term, I will be in the White House till 1933 ⦠Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had itâtoo long! In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he engaged in horseback riding and fly fishing and attended rodeos. In the first full-scale biography of Calvin Coolidge in a generation, Robert Sobel shatters the caricature of our thirtieth president as a silent, do-nothing leader. [131] Congress did not override the veto, but it passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority; again, Coolidge vetoed it. [39], In 1911, the State Senator for the Hampshire County area retired and successfully encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin. Only 9 left in stock - order soon. Calvin Coolidge. [30] This position gave Coolidge more experience as a lawyer and paid a salary of $600 (equivalent to $18,665 in 2020). Calvin Graduated from Black River Academy in 1895. [187][188] When Charles Lindbergh arrived in Washington on a U.S. Navy ship after his celebrated 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, President Coolidge welcomed him back to the U.S. and presented him with the Medal of Honor;[189] the event was captured on film.[190]. Talent will not: nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. [165] Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes directed Coolidge's foreign policy until he resigned in 1925 following Coolidge's re-election. Congress refused to pass any such legislation. He restored integrity to the executive branch of the federal government while continuing the conservative pro-business policies of his predecessor. He died on January 5, 1933. [10] Coolidge's mother was the daughter of Hiram Dunlap Moor, a Plymouth Notch farmer and Abigail Franklin. In … Give the administration a chance to catch up with legislation. [33] While in Boston, Coolidge became an ally, and then a liegeman, of then U.S. Silent Cal had been the Republican governor of Massachusetts, little known outside the state, until the Boston police strike of 1919 catapulted him into the national spotlight. [179] Faced with looming defeat in the 1932 presidential election, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run, but the former president made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him, should it come about. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the common practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field, and reading law with them. [146] He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions. Found insideIn asking such questions, the essays in this volume -- written by twelve leading scholars noted for their expertise on their respective subjects -- reveal alternately the frailty, the humanity, and the strength of character of some of ... [7] However, Coolidge gains almost universal praise for his stalwart support of racial equality. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Calvin Coolidge (b. on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth Notch, Vermont) was the 30th president of the United States.He assumed office on August 2, 1923, following the death of President Warren Harding.Coolidge served until 1929. "I do not believe we can do much about it. [123] Federal spending remained flat during Coolidge's administration, allowing one-fourth of the federal debt to be retired in total. Dies at 93", "The Peculiar and Biting Calvin Coolidge Wit", "Calvin Coolidge's Bone-Dry Humor Is a Lesson in Laughs for Candidates", CBS News - Presidents ranked from worst to best, "The Pilgrim's Faith: Coolidge and Religion", "Coolidge for a New Arms Conference; Demands Constructive Federal Thrift; Favors Participation in German Loan â Sees Hope in Dawes Plan â Proposes Limitation Parley After Reparations Settlement â Intends to Punish Graft â Some Public Officers Guilty, He Says at Associated Press Annual Luncheon â Hears Political Reports â Though All Callers Except Col. George Harvey Describe Their Visits as Formal", "Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath", s:Calvin Coolidge's First State of the Union Address, "Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center", "Coolidge against the world: Peace, prosperity, and foreign policy in the 1920s", "The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System", "Silent Cal, Not So Silent | Now See Hear! The primary foreign … President Coolidge was the first president to participate in a public celebration of the Christmas holiday turning on the switch for the "National Tree Lighting" in President's Park. [140] On June 6, 1924, Coolidge delivered a commencement address at historically black, non-segregated Howard University, in which he thanked and commended African-Americans for their rapid advances in education and their contributions to U.S. society over the years, as well as their eagerness to render their services as soldiers in the World War, all while being faced with discrimination and prejudices at home. Expect to be called a stand-patter, but don't be a stand-patter. [95] This second oath-taking remained a secret until it was revealed by Harry M. Daugherty in 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling. First families decorated the house... Has the White House ever been renovated or changed? The Life and Presidency of Calvin Coolidge. The position paid well, but it barred him from practicing law, so he remained at the job for only one year. He was elected in … He then became Mayor of Northampton in 1910. On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly from a heart attack in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts. [84] Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was commonly referred to as "Silent Cal". [56] Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the smallest margin of victory of any of his statewide campaigns. ", "Have Faith in Massachusetts" as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914, "Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded. Date based on date of negatives in … [121] In addition to federal tax cuts, Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring of the federal debt. He rapidly became popular. He was the only son of John Calvin Coolidge, a jack-of-all-trades, teacher, storekeeper, farmer, politician, and even mechanic when necessary and Victoria Josephine Moor, a handsome woman who loved poetry and natural beauty, who died when Calvin was 12. President Calvin Coolidge poses between actor John Drew, left, and, singer Al Jolson at the White House in October 1924. [180] Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him. Post-Presidency and Legacy. Found insideProvides irrefutable evidence that not only did government interference with the market cause the Great Depression (and our current economic collapse), but Herbert Hoover's and Franklin Delano Roosevelt's big government policies afterwards ... John became a railroad executive, helped to start the Coolidge Foundation, and was instrumental in creating the President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site. If it is to help a powerful corporation better to serve the people, whatever the opposition, do that. membership. His mother died when he was twelve, then his sister died when he was fifteen; his father remarried a few years later. After ten ballots, the bosses and then the … [67] [136], According to one biographer, Coolidge was "devoid of racial prejudice", but rarely took the lead on civil rights. [186] Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927, which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created Federal Radio Commission. As his reputation as a hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services. [94] His father, a notary public and justice of the peace, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m. on August 3, 1923, whereupon the new President of the United States returned to bed. Age at inauguration: 51. By the light of a kerosene lamp, his father, who was a notary public, administered the oath of office as Coolidge placed his hand on the family Bible. Hoover then lost the general election to Coolidge's 1920 vice presidential Democratic opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt in a landslide.[181]. It spurred the tremendous growth of consumer products, especially automobiles and radios, thus significantly increasing mobility and access to developing news for many American families, especially those in rural areas. The speech was heard by about half of the nation. [21], The Coolidges had two sons: John (September 7, 1906 â May 31, 2000) and Calvin Jr. (April 13, 1908 â July 7, 1924). He was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding on August 2, 1923. He was born on 4 July 1872 and died on 5 January 1933. The suggestion caught on quickly with the masses starving for an act of independence from the absent bosses, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated. Grace Coolidge (1879-1957) was an American first lady (1923-29) and the wife of Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president of the United States. Education will not: the world is full of educated derelicts. In The Constitutional Legacy of Forgotten Presidents, eminent constitutional scholar Michael Gerhardt tells the stories of thirteen presidents whom most Americans do not remember and scholars think had no constitutional impact, among them ... While on vacation, Coolidge surprisingly issued a terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as president: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928. As America’s 30th President (1923-1929), Calvin Coolidge demonstrated his determination to preserve the old moral and economic precepts of frugality amid the material prosperity which many Americans were enjoying during the 1920s era. Coolidge had been reluctant to endorse Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited adviceâall of it bad. They married on October 4, 1905 at 2:30 p.m. in a small ceremony which took place in the parlor of Grace's family's house, having overcome her mother's objections to the marriage. . For the Coolidges, their sorrowful Christmas of 1924 was preoccupied with memories of their younger son Calvin Jr. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Since 1954, the Christmas Pageant of Peace has been held annually on the Ellipse and includes the lighting of the National Christmas Tree and respects the holiday worship of all faiths. "[75], At the 1920 Republican National Convention, most of the delegates were selected by state party caucuses, not primaries. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength. The father, devastated, continued, "When he went the power and the glory of the Presidency went with him.". "The words of a president have an enormous weight," he wrote in his autobiography, "and ought not to be used indiscriminately." The question of the United States joining the League of Nations was a major issue in the campaign, as was the unfinished legacy of Progressivism. Lincoln. He personally intervened in demanding the resignation of Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty after he refused to cooperate with the congressional probe. Learn more about Calvin Coolidge’s spouse, Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within Washington amusing stories soon arose about the vice president's withdrawn nature; perhaps the most famous concerned a society matron who told Coolidge at a dinner party: "Mr. Vice President, I made a bet with my friends that I could get you to say at least three words this evening." John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States . He then studied the law down in Northampton. [61][c] Coolidge, tacitly but fully in support of Curtis' position, closely monitored the situation but initially deferred to the local authorities. [68] Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. After Christmas dinner, the entire Coolidge family went to Walter Reed Hospital where they joined several hundred disabled veterans for a preview of the motion picture Abraham Lincoln produced by Al and Ray Rockett. One in particular, a raccoon, made its mark as perhaps the last exotic pet to live at the White House. [4] The issue of the war proved divisive, especially among Irish and German Americans. [77] After ten ballots, the bosses and then the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president. Discusses the personal life and political career of the man who became the thirtieth president of the United States in 1923 upon the death of President Harding. Coolidge appointed one justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Harlan F. Stone in 1925. Download Image of Calvin Coolidge and group outside White House, Washington, D.C.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. I’d say lower middle of the pack and seems that most political science experts put him in a similar position. [127] In 1926, with farm prices falling once more, Senator Charles L. McNary and Representative Gilbert N. Haugenâboth Republicansâproposed the McNaryâHaugen Farm Relief Bill. He was able to restore confidence in the presidency after years of scandal but he was not the best president in history. A biography of the thirtieth president of the United States, with information about his childhood, family, political career, presidency, and legacy. This book, compiled by one of my favorite historians, will give readers a full appreciation of why Silent Cal's wisdom shines like a beacon through the fog of historical amnesia."—Jonah Goldberg, author of "Liberal Fascism"“David ... In this illuminating, magisterial biography, AmityShlaes finally captures the remarkable story of Calvin Coolidge and the decade of extraordinary prosperity that grew from his leadership. Calvin Coolidge with his wife, Grace, and two sons, John and Calvin, in Northampton on July 27, 1920, the day on which Coolidge was notified he would be the Republican candidate for vice president. Grace Coolidge, keenly interested in history and disappointed to find few original furnishings on her arrival at the White House, began to study old photographs of the State Floor. He was also chairman of the finance committee and the pardons committee. Coolidge was a member of the Republican Party.His vice president was Charles G. … But no President was kinder in permitting himself to be photographed in Indian war bonnets or cowboy dress, and in greeting a variety of delegations to the White House. President Calvin Coolidge, wearing a black mourning armband, two days after the sudden death of President Warren Harding on Aug. 2, 1923. During the Coolidge administration, the most conspicuous change to the White House was the replacement of the surviving 1817 attic with a full third floor. Directions: President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site. In 1905, his landlord introduced him to Grace Anna Goodhue, a 1902 graduate of the University of Vermont and a teacher at the Clarke School for the Deaf. [13] Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth. [133] Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief, scholars argue that Coolidge overall showed a lack of interest in federal flood control. Found insideThe presidential election of 1920 was one of the most dramatic ever. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. [12], Coolidge's family had deep roots in New England; his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts. Calvin Coolidge . [60] The following day, about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support. Throughout his gubernatorial career, Coolidge ran on the record of fiscal conservatism and a strong support for women's suffrage. Found insideThis is the first historiographical treatment of a long-neglected period, ranging from early treatments to the most recent scholarship Features review essays on the era, including the legacy of progressivism in an age of “normalcy”, the ... From 1916 to 1918, he was the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and, in 1919, he won the Governor's seat. The White House observance of Christmas before the twentieth century was not an official event. On 6 June 2014 By Mark R. Cheathem In Calvin Coolidge, Ku Klux Klan, Presidents. [113] The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion, but despite the split in the Republican party, the results were similar to those of 1920. Massachusetts is a big part of Calvin Coolidge’s story. The Vice President's life changed dramatically on the night of August 2, 1923 as he vacationed at the family farmhouse in Vermont. Vice President: Charles Gates Dawes. CONTENTS: Scenes of My Childhood Seeking an Education The Law and Politics In National Politics On Entering and Leaving the Presidency Some of the Duties of the President Why I Did Not Choose to Run But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service...[17], At his father's urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. $4.50. At the 1920 Republican National Convention, most of the delegates were selected by state party caucuses, not primaries. [123] By 1927, only the wealthiest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax. Please enable JavaScript to use this feature. [145], Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations. Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician, Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president. [135] When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928, Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15. John Coolidge, son of Calvin Coolidge, reflected on his father's term as President. More Buying Choices $14.89 (2 new offers) He served as mayor of Northampton and in 1915 was elected lieutenant governor. Coolidge rose through the ranks of Massachusetts government as a Progressive Republican. White House History Shop. [5] As a Coolidge biographer wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. At 2:37 AM on August 3, 1923, Coolidge took the Oath of Office in the family parlour. Calvin Coolidge, Republican, 1923-1929 (Siena #29): Calvin Coolidge first came to national attention … Calvin Coolidge has been dismissed as being a 'do nothing' President. At 2:24 a.m., with the newspaper men settled and a copy of the Constitution retrieved, the elder Coolidge, a justice of the peace, administered the oath of office to his son by the light of a kerosene lamp. During this two-month western trip, Coolidge received and accepted an invitation to dedicate the Mount Rushmore National Memorial.
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