niacin deficiency in geese

of food. Dry, stabilized forms of vitamin D3 are recommended to treat deficiencies. Plasma biotin levels <100 ng/100 mL have been reported as a sign of deficiency. The articular cartilage is displaced, and the Achilles tendon slips from its condyles. Also, commercial processing of foods, such as boiling, blanching or canning, results in very small losses of niacin. I knew all about the niacin requirements for growing goslings and created a list of feed I could get locally that was waterbird specific. Ducklings and goslings need more niacin than many commercial chick starter feeds provide, so be on the lookout for niacin deficiency: weak or bowed legs, stunted growth, and enlarged hocks. The first time I dosed the water, I gave them one in a bucket and then added the other bucket to a shallow pan I use as a pond. But like a … These geese had never seen a pellet before in their life and weren’t thrilled with the idea of eating them, but they did seem amenable to grain and thus the niacin deficiency begun. Plasma pyruvic carboxylase is positively correlated with dietary biotin concentration, and levels plateau much later than does the growth response to supplemental biotin. Under these conditions, the choline content of eggs is not reduced, suggesting possible intestinal synthesis by the bird. Poultry seem more susceptible to folacin deficiency than other farm animals. Multiple signs are therefore seen, although in general, signs of B vitamin deficiencies appear first. That time I almost killed my geese from a niacin deficiency and how I solved it. It does this by stopping the … There are several ways to ensure that your ducklings are getting enough niacin in their diet. Syndactyly, which is an extensive webbing between the third and fourth toes, is seen in biotin-deficient embryos. Feeding purified 1,25(OH)2D3 improves the shell quality of these inferior layers, suggesting a potential inherent problem with metabolism of cholecalciferol. The foot condition in chicks and the poor feathering are difficult to differentiate from signs of a biotin deficiency. Other signs reported in poultry are anemia, gizzard erosion, and fatty infiltration of the heart, liver, and kidneys. Today, niacin deficiency occurs rarely since most commercial pet food products are fortified with niacin. Signs of riboflavin deficiency in hens are decreased egg production, increased embryonic mortality, and an increase in size and fat content of the liver. Retraction of the head is due to paralysis of the anterior neck muscles. From 0 to about 2 weeks (or two 50 lb bags), I feed Purina Flock Raiser Crumbles and fresh cut grass. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. A vitamin K deficiency in poultry may be related to low dietary levels of the vitamin, low levels in the maternal diet, lack of intestinal synthesis, extent of coprophagy, or the presence of sulfur drugs and other feed additives in the diet. It was innocent enough at first, I was trying to accommodate the preferences of these new geese. When chicks are fed a diet deficient in riboflavin, their appetite is fairly good but they grow slowly, become weak and emaciated, and develop diarrhea between the first and second weeks. Sometimes, copper sulfate is used to treat crop mycosis or digestive issues in geese. Chronic borderline B6 deficiency produces perosis; usually one leg is severely crippled, and one or both of the middle toes may be bent inward at the first joint. In fact, waterfowl have a higher requirement for niacin (also called nicotinic acid) than chickens. In just a few days, I noticed a huge change in the entire flock. A number of factors increase biotin requirements, including oxidative rancidity of any feed fat, competition by intestinal microorganisms, and lack of carryover into the newly hatched chick or poult. Although vitamin A–deficient chicks can be ataxic, similar to those with vitamin E deficiency, no gross lesions are found in the brain of vitamin A–deficient chicks as compared with degeneration of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of vitamin E–deficient chicks (see Vitamin E Deficiency). There may also be damage to liver parenchyma and depleted glycogen reserves. Increased iron levels and decreased copper levels are noted in the serum, and iron utilization appears to be markedly decreased. Diets usually contain supplemental pantothenic acid at 12 mg/kg. Cucumbers. I either buy a brand of feed for my ducklings that contains sufficient niacin or I supplement it if the label doesn’t state niacin content. This explains why I could get away with diluting the Nutrena pellets with grain, but not the Dumor pellets. Retarded growth and severe leg weakness are the first signs noted when chicks are deficient in vitamin D3. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. If signs of deficiency are seen, the level should be doubled. In addition to poor growth, the classic sign of choline deficiency in chicks and poults is perosis. Vitamin destruction in feeds is a factor of time, temperature, and humidity. Vitamin E deficiency accompanied by sulfur amino acid deficiency results in severe muscular dystrophy in chicks by ~4 wk of age. If the deficiency is severe, the chicks may become ataxic, which is also seen with vitamin E deficiency (see Vitamin E Deficiency). Corn – warmed frozen corn (not hot!) Soybean meal is a good source of choline, and wheat byproducts are good sources of betaine, which can perform the methyl-donor function of choline. Hatchability declines within 2 wk when hens are fed a riboflavin-deficient diet but returns to near normal when riboflavin is restored. Histologic findings include atrophy of the cytoplasm and a loss of the cilia in the columnar, ciliated epithelium. Thank you. The abnormal feather condition in chickens leads to weak and brittle shafts, and depigmentation develops in colored feathers. We at Metzer Farms can provide the information on nutritional requirements for ducks and geese and daily feed and water consumption and manure output, so you can learn about the duck and geese nutrition and mix your own nutritious feeds and water. In the niacin-deficient hen, weight loss, reduced egg production, and a marked decrease in hatchability can result. Anti-tuberculosis medication tends to bind to vitamin B 6 and reduce niacin synthesis, since B 6 (pyridoxine) is a required cofactor in the tryptophan-to-niacin reaction. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The quantitative need for vitamin E for this function depends on the amount of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. It was pretty warm, but we provided extra heat during the night for another week or so. However, when the curled-toe deformity is longstanding, irreparable damage occurs in the sciatic nerve, and the administration of riboflavin is no longer curative. This condition is characterized by degeneration of the muscle fibers, usually in the breast but sometimes also in the leg muscles. Medicated feeds can interfere with thiamine uptake. But I’ve read that the content can be regionally variable based on available ingredients so I suspect that the niacin was a bit lower in the bags I purchased. Feathering is usually poor, and an abnormal banding of feathers may be seen in colored breeds. Embryonic deformities include a shortened tibiotarsus that is bent posteriorly, a much shortened tarsometatarsus, shortening of the bones of the wing and skull, and shortening and bending of the anterior end of the scapula. Although choline deficiency readily develops in chicks fed diets low in choline, a deficiency in laying hens is not easily produced. Signs of Niacin Deficiency Common signs of Niacin deficiency in ducks include failure to thrive, lack of weight gain, bowing of legs, enlarged hock joints, weakness, pigeon-toed stance, and inability to walk. Diets that contain appreciable quantities of soybean meal, wheat bran, and wheat shorts are unlikely to be deficient in choline. Niacin has other benefits. This brand was cheaper and came in a 50 lb bag instead of a 40 lb bag and I had been thinking about trying it out so I went ahead and bought a few bags with no research. There is no good evidence suggesting that, unlike in some mammalian species, certain Fusarium mycotoxins can increase the need for supplemental thiamine. In fact, waterfowl have a higher requirement for niacin (also called nicotinic acid) than chickens. Characteristic parallel white striations on the muscle are similar to those seen in chicks with muscular dystrophy, yet on analysis the diet of these birds seems adequate in vitamin E as well as selenium. In advanced stages of deficiency, the chicks lie prostrate with their legs extended, sometimes in opposite directions. In adult birds, pyridoxine deficiency results in reduced appetite, leading to reduced egg production and a decline in hatchability. Chicks with coccidiosis can have severe damage to their intestinal wall and can bleed excessively. Perosis is not a specific deficiency sign; it appears with several nutrient deficiencies. Severe niacin deficiency leads to pellagra, a disease characterized by a pigmented rash or brown discoloration on skin exposed to sunlight; the skin also develops a roughened, sunburned-like appearance [2,4,21,22]. Waterfowl should not be given medicated feed that is not formulated specifically for them. The corners of the beak and the area below the beak are usually the worst affected regions for dermatitis, but the condition is also noted on the feet. It can also cause niacin deficiency, leading to a host of joint and leg problems for the gosling. Although deficiency may lead to perosis, this is probably a secondary effect due to a dietary deficiency of methionine or choline as sources of methyl groups. An allowance of 55–70 mg/kg of feed appears to be satisfactory for ducks, geese, and turkeys. Treatment can be given as two sequential daily 100-mcg doses for chicks or poults, followed by an adequate amount of riboflavin in feed. Although the adults appear normal, their eggs fail to hatch regardless of dietary riboflavin content. Small, white pustules may be found in the nasal passages, mouth, esophagus, and pharynx, and these may extend into the crop. In cases of impaired liver function, metabolites of vitamin D are the usual choice for treatment. An autosomal recessive trait blocks the formation of the riboflavin-binding protein needed for transport of riboflavin to the egg. Acetyl Co-A carboxylase appears to preferentially sequester biotin, such that with low biotin availability and need for high de novo fat synthesis (high-energy, low-fat diet), pyruvate carboxylase activity is severely compromised. The geese in group Ⅰ (control group) were fed a basal diet, and the geese in groups Ⅱ to Ⅵ ... mild signs suggesting niacin deficiency appeared after about two months but failed to progress. IN AGREEMENT with Sunde and Bird (1957), we have found that young Ringnecked pheasants receiving certain practical rations often develop a high incide… Electrophoretic patterns of the blood show a decrease in albumin levels, whereas exudative fluids contained a protein pattern similar to that of normal blood plasma. At some point, I was in a rush and stopped by the store only to find the Dumor pellets. Duckdvm.com Ducks require almost twice the amount of niacin or vitamin B3 then what is required for chickens. Testicular degeneration may be noted, and the heart may show slight atrophy. In the initial stages of deficiency, lethargy and head tremors may be noted. Although a folacin deficiency can result in reduced egg production, the main sign noted with breeders is a marked decrease in hatchability associated with an increase in embryonic mortality, usually during the last few days of incubation. While resting, they often sway from side to side, suggesting loss of equilibrium. The condition as described in the 1960s was usually confined to wheat-fed birds and was most problematic in low-fat, high-energy diets. The authors considered the niacin requirements of turkeys, goslings and ducklings to be 32 5, 30 and 25 mg. per lb. Depending on liver stores, adult birds could be fed a vitamin A–deficient diet for 2–5 mo before signs of deficiency develop. Compared to chickens, waterfowl need 2 to 3 times the amount of niacin in their diet during their initial growth period, hence the occasional problem with low niacin levels being fed to waterfowl. Eventually, birds become emaciated and weak with ruffled feathers. There's good evidence that it helps reduce atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries in some people. It helps the body to convert food/carbohydrates into glucose, assist in metabolizing fats and proteins as well. In the first two weeks of life, the average duckling gains 7 times their birth weight. Deficiency of vitamin B12 is highly unlikely, especially for birds grown on litter or where animal-based ingredients are used. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. Serafin (1981) fed purified diets to Embden goslings from hatch to 2 or 3 weeks and found that, for growth and liveability, requirements for riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and choline were no more than 3.8, 31.2, 12.6, and 1,530 mg/kg, respectively. Are there other suggested courses of action? Vitamin deficiency can be because of a lack of Vitamin E, Thiamine, or magnesium. The livers of ataxic vitamin A–deficient chicks contain little or no vitamin A. My first clue of niacin deficiency I missed. However, selenium was completely effective in preventing muscular dystrophy in chicks when the diet contained a low level of vitamin E, which alone had been shown to have no effect on the disease. Vitamin A can be administered through the drinking water, and such treatment usually results in faster recovery than supplemtation via the feed. There is a significant increase in plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 of birds producing good versus poor eggshells. FLKS was first described in Denmark in 1958 but was not a major concern until the late 1960s, when the condition became more prevalent and especially so in Europe and Australia. Most poultry diets contain supplements of calcium pantothenate. The leg muscles are atrophied and flabby, and the skin is dry and harsh. Ducks and turkeys with a niacin deficiency show a severe bowing of the legs and an enlargement of the hock joint. I provide water to my geese using 3.5 gallon buckets, so based on the information on Backyard Chickens, I decided to add 4 mL to each bucket. The overlapping manner in which vitamin E and selenium function in the cellular antioxidant system suggest that they spare one another in prevention of deficiency signs. Eventually, leg development is affected, and the legs become bowed to the point where the waterfowl cannot walk. There are several ways to ensure that your ducklings are getting enough niacin in their diet. For exudative diathesis to occur, the diet must be deficient in both vitamin E and selenium. The nervous system of these embryos shows degenerative changes much like those described in riboflavin-deficient chicks. Typical clinical signs often involve the eye, skin and nervous system. Ample niacin should be provided in poultry diets so as to spare the utilization of tryptophan. In chicks, the first signs are reduced growth and feed consumption, poor feathering with feathers becoming ruffled and brittle, and a rapidly developing dermatitis. While it’s ideal to feed ducks a waterfowl food, you can give them chicken feed, as long as it is unmedicated and you supplement with Niacin. The Vitamin B arrived quickly, but by that time the sad goose was wobbling around after the rest, so I thought that trying to catch it would cause a lot of stress on it so I decided against oral dosing. One morning I had a smaller goose who wouldn’t get up. Embryos have deformed beaks and bending of the tibiotarsus. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America. I still fed pellets as well and at first, all was well. Using a corn-soybean meal diet with no supplemental vitamin D3, shell weight decreases dramatically by ~150 mg/day throughout the first 7 days of deficiency. Breakdown of the mucous membrane usually allows pathogenic microorganisms to invade these tissues and cause secondary infections. Peas. To encourage the new geese to eat out of the feeders, I started feeding some grain in each feeder. Histologic examination of the affected nerves shows degenerative changes in the myelin sheaths that, when severe, pinch the nerve. Deficiencies in niacin, as well as iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12, have been associated … It affects young geese more than adults and can be caused by a very small cut or sprain. Appropriate Treats For Geese. It has been claimed that a marked deficiency of niacin cannot occur in chickens unless there is a concomitant deficiency of the amino acid tryptophan, which is a niacin precursor. Deficiency can be prevented by adding pyridoxine at 3–4 mg/kg feed. I take full responsibility, but I’ll recount the sequence of events that led to my mistake. A decreased rate of growth and lower feed efficiency are common signs of riboflavin deficiency in all species affected. Under certain circumstances, a dietary deficiency of vitamin E gave rise to similar changes in turkeys.-E. A. GIBSON. So are the ducks. Foot and Leg Problems in Waterfowl - Niacin Deficiency Pic by @Quail27 A fairly common problem with growing ducklings and goslings is foot and leg problems, … Chicks with FLKS are invariably hypoglycemic, emphasizing the importance of biotin in two key enzymes, namely pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl Co-A carboxylase. Glutathione peroxidase is soluble and located in the aqueous portions of the cell, whereas vitamin E is located mainly in the hydrophobic environments of membranes and in adipose tissue and other lipid storage cells. Birds may exhibit perosis, but the lesions seen differ histologically from those that develop due to choline or manganese deficiency. Of course, if you're raising lots of birds, it's way easier just to prevent it to begin with, plus birds thrive best when provided the proper nutrients, even if a deficiency isn't clearly visible. Postmortem examination reveals pale liver and kidney with accumulation of fat. Several therapeutic drugs can provoke pellagra. Niacin deficiency in ducklings is not a problem I anticipated having although my research has led me to believe that it is a fairly common problem in some breeds! How do you treat niacin deviancy in geese - Answered by a verified Bird Veterinarian We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. In severe cases, the skin of the feet may cornify, and wart-like lumps occur on the balls of the feet. Niacin is formed from the amino acid tryptophan and waterfowl do not synthesize niacin well from tryptophan. I did this for two reasons, first the article suggests also offering fresh water in addition to the vitamin B water just in case they find the taste offensive. Kale. Deficiency may result in reduced egg production; however, a marked drop in hatchability is usually noted before this event. Despite having to deal with this issue I have to say that adding ducks to the homestead has been a fun adventure! As eggs become deficient in riboflavin, the egg albumen loses its characteristic yellow color. Signs of folic acid deficiency in poultry can be prevented by ensuring diets contain supplements of up to 1 mg/kg. Bright Red Tongue and Swollen Mouth. Required fields are marked *. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B 3, an essential human nutrient. They were grass eating machines. Hemorrhagic syndrome in day-old chicks has been attributed to a deficiency of vitamin K in the diet of the breeder hens. No seriously! Niacin is formed from the amino acid tryptophan and waterfowl do not synthesize niacin well from tryptophan. It helps keep your nervous system, digestive system and skin healthy.Niacin (vitamin B-3) is often part of a daily multivitamin, but most people get enough niacin from the food they eat. He was just laying next to his water bowl and drinking. To prevent niacin deficiency when using regular chick starter feed, add niacin to drinking water at 100-150 mg per gallon from 0-10 weeks of age (niacin tablets or powder can be found at drug stores). Once they are grown, a niacin deficiency is very rare. – Can also be seen in older birds Etiology: vitamin E deficiency Lesions: soft and enlarged cerebellum, petechiae, hemorrhages Niacin deficiency in chickens may be prevented by feeding a diet that contains ≥30 mg niacin/kg; however, many nutritionists recommend 2–2.5 times as much. High vitamin supplementation in general corrected the problem, and biotin was isolated as the causative agent. The main difference between the leg seen in niacin deficiency and perosis as seen in manganese and choline deficiency is that with niacin deficiency the Achilles tendon seldom slips from its condyles. Ducklings and goslings need more niacin than many commercial chick starter feeds provide, so be on the lookout for niacin deficiency: weak or bowed legs, stunted growth, and enlarged hocks. The ribs may also show spontaneous fractures in the sternovertebral region. In addition, niacin is an FDA-approved treatment for pellagra, a rare condition that develops from niacin de… Although the most important function of vitamin B12 is in the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins, it also functions in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Studies with chicks on the interrelationships between antioxidants, linoleic acid, selenium, and sulfur amino acids have shown that selenium and vitamin E play supportive roles in several processes, one of which involves cysteine metabolism and its role in prevention of muscular dystrophy in chickens. First and foremost, one must be aware of the signs of niacin deficient duckling or gosling. Your email address will not be published. Providing multiple waterers in various locations will help to prevent the issue of choking. Depending on the quantity of vitamin A passed on from the breeder hen, day-old chicks reared on a vitamin A–deficient diet may show signs within 7 days. It is therefore necessary to replenish these vitamins everyday. Throughout the past few years, the incidence of “muscular dystrophy–type” lesions in the breast muscle of older (>35 day) broilers has increased. Dietary Recommendations for Vitamin B6 in Ducks Ducks and geese should receive 5-7 mg/kg of their diet in Vitamin B6. In breeders, hatchability can be markedly reduced, although several weeks may be needed for signs of deficiency to appear. During convulsions, the chicks may run about aimlessly, flapping their wings and falling with jerking motions. Sheep Digging in the Snow – Nature vs Nurture, from 0 – 4 weeks 65 ppm (ppm is equivalent to mg/kg). Are there other suggested courses of … Vitamin A deficiency does not interfere with uric acid metabolism but does prevent normal excretion of uric acid from the kidney. Very young geese (also known as goslings) have their own special care needs to help them reach adulthood in good health and comfort.Depending on how old they are when they enter your care and whether they have had or continue to have access to their mother, goslings have diverse needs when it comes to health, nutrition, and socialization. Laying hens initially appear to be able to maintain body weight and egg production; however, egg size is reduced. Fruit and vegetables (but avoid toxic, moldy, or rotten fruits and vegetables!) Ducks receiving low-niacin diets show (severely) bowed legs and ultimately become so crippled and weak , Niacin Deficiency (Low Niacin Levels) make it almost impossible for the ducks (Also Geese and Turke ys ) to walk. According to this academic post, the niacin requirements for geese are: Based on the reported niacin content, the geese really should have been ok even with the Dumor food mixed with grain. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Protein, Amino Acid, and Energy Deficiencies in Poultry, Last full review/revision May 2015 | Content last modified May 2015, © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), © 2021 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Adding synthetic 1,25(OH)2D3 to the diet of susceptible chicks reduces the incidence of this condition. Broccoli. Niacin deficiency is characterized by severe disorders in the skin and digestive organs. Signs of a Niacin Deficiency Ducklings that don't get enough niacin will exhibit symptoms fairly quickly, so you'll want to watch for ducklings that are: shaky on their feet I have read on-line articles that say to give a goose with similar symptoms niacin and/or brewers yeast without iron. Signs of muscular dystrophy are rare in chicks, because the diet must be deficient in both sulfur amino acids and vitamin E. Because the sulfur amino acids are necessary for growth, a deficiency severe enough to induce muscular dystrophy is unlikely to occur under commercial conditions. Secondary infection may play a role in many of the deaths noted with acute vitamin A deficiency. Only stabilized fat should be used in feeds. Niacin deficiency in chicks can also result in “black tongue.” At ~2 wk of age, the tongue, oral cavity, and esophagus become distinctly inflamed. A chronic deficiency can result in perosis, with one leg usually being crippled and one or both middle toes bent inward at the first joint. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. Prevent Niacin Deficiency . Hemorrhages may appear on the breast, legs, wings, in the abdominal cavity, and on the surface of the intestine. Liver concentration of pantothenic acid is reduced during a deficiency, with the liver becoming atrophied, with a faint dirty yellow color developing. The major lesions of pantothenic acid deficiency involve the nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and the skin. By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them. The yellow pigment in the shanks and beaks is usually lost, and the comb and wattles are pale. Because stabilized vitamin A supplements are almost universally used in poultry diets, it is unlikely that a deficiency will be encountered. Borderline deficiencies often cause small hemorrhagic blemishes. She shook it off after a few days, so I figured she had just injured it. As the deficiency continues, milky white, cheesy material accumulates in the eyes, making it impossible for birds to see (xerophthalmia). Niacin deficiency in chickens may be prevented by feeding a diet that contains ≥30 mg niacin/kg; however, many nutritionists recommend 2–2.5 times as much. Commercially produced niacin is quite stable compared to most other vitamins. The three main disorders seen in chicks deficient in vitamin E are encephalomalacia, exudative diathesis, and muscular dystrophy. Initial studies involving the effects of dietary vitamin E on muscular dystrophy show that the addition of selenium at 1–5 mg/kg diet reduced the incidence of muscular dystrophy in chicks receiving a vitamin E–deficient diet that was also low in methionine and cysteine, but did not completely prevent the disease. Although 13 vitamin requirements are listed for Japanese quail, only eight vitamins are listed for ducks and from four to six for pheasants, geese and bobwhite quail. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. An allowance of 55–70 mg/kg of feed appears to be satisfactory for ducks, geese, and turkeys. A folacin deficiency results in a macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and leukopenia. I knew if one goose was showing signs of deficiency, the others were surely deficient as well. In most instances, data on these nutrients are meager, and, with the exception of some research on dietary selenium and niacin requirements, only one report has appeared in the literature since 1980. On the Tractor Supply website, in the Q&A, they list the niacin content as 60 ppm. The normal epithelium is replaced by a stratified squamous, keratinized layer. The occurrence of these conditions depends on various other dietary and environmental factors. It is therefore necessary to replenish these vitamins everyday. Perosis is first characterized by pinpoint hemorrhages and a slight puffiness about the hock joint, followed by an apparent flattening of the tibiometatarsal joint caused by a rotation of the metatarsus. IQAir HealthPro Plus – Air Purifier. Gross signs in chicks include anorexia, growth retardation, drowsiness, weakness, incoordination, emaciation, and ruffled feathers. This needs to be fixed immediately with niacin supplement (a health food shop, supermarket or pharmacy should sell this as either tablets or a nutritional yeast), but best is to avoid it by feeding specific waterfowl crumbs and letting them graze all day. However, chicks with a good reserve of maternal vitamin A may not show signs of a deficiency for up to 7 wk. There is considerable evidence that poultry, and even chick and turkey embryos, can synthesize niacin but at a rate too slow for optimal growth. Signs of exudative diathesis and muscular dystrophy can be reversed in chicks by supplementing the diet with liberal amounts of vitamin E, assuming the deficiency is not too advanced. These data, however, are based on a relatively meager amount of literature.
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