1990 Dec 22-29. Gerbracht DD, Steen VD, Ziegler GL, Medsger TA Jr, Rodnan GP. [Medline]. © 2004-2021 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. [Medline]. Primary Raynaud phenomenon has no racial predilection. Quarta S, Galea N, Gigante A, Romaniello A, Rosato E, Carbone I. Sakurai T, Goto K. Endothelins. Primary Raynaud phenomenon usually occurs in the second or third decade of life. COVID-19 and the heart: What do we know so far? Bunker CB, Goldsmith PC, Leslie TA, Hayes N, Foreman JC, Dowd PM. Monitor children’s skin and ensure that they are staying warm and dry when playing outside in the cold. A variety of drugs are used off-label for treatment; the most commonly used drug is nifedipine. 278(4):H1075-83. Br J Dermatol. Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, Kehrer C, Chakrabarti A, Somers E, Pavlic R. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease. 1999 Dec. 42(12):2646-55. Deshayes S, Auboire L, Jaussaud R, Lidove O, Parienti JJ, Triclin N, et al. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: Charleston, SC, USA, vs Tarentaise, Savoie, France. The prognosis for patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon is related to the underlying disease. 2011 Jul. [Medline]. See Cutaneous Clues to Accurately Diagnosing Rheumatologic Disease, a Critical Images slideshow, to help recognize cutaneous manifestations of rheumatologic diseases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014 Oct. 18(5):1-4. Qiu O, Chan T, Luen M, Cruz JE, Hermes-DeSantis ER. Merritt WH. Nagarajan M, McArthur P. Targeted high concentration botulinum toxin A injections in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a retrospective single-centre experience. [Medline]. The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon is usually very good, with no mortality and little morbidity. Neuropeptide Y is a potent vasoconstrictor. People with chronic conditions that can affect blood circulation should go for regular medical checkups and follow their doctor’s advice for managing their symptoms. for: Medscape. Shen SC, House RA. 2016 Feb. 30 (1):112-32. Raynaud's Phenomenon. During the test, the doctor looks at the skin at the base of your fingernail under a microscope or magnifier to look for deformities or swelling of the tiny blood vessels. An Autoimmune Basis for Raynaud's Phenomenon: Murine Model and Human Disease. 2020 May 23. Such an injury will also often cause pain and swelling. It affects the small blood vessels that supply blood to the extremities of the body, including the fingers and toes. Lupus, or systemic lupus erythematosus, is an autoimmune condition, which means that the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs. Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon and nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities in Fabry disease: a cross-sectional study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 May. [5] Release of endothelin-1 is triggered by vasoactive stimuli, including angiotensin, vasopressin, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) 82 (1):6-16. Dress warmly and in layers when going outside in the cold. Kawaguchi Y, Takagi K, Hara M, et al. [Medline]. Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin B Injection for Raynaud's Phenomenon and Digital Ulcers in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Ascherman et al propose an autoimmune etiology, with cytokeratin 10 (K10) as a candidate autoantigen; their study in mice showed that anti-K10 antibodies can mediate ischemia similar to that seen in Raynaud phenomenon. Most cases of Raynaud’s are mild. [16], Oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of Raynaud phenomenon, The cause of primary Raynaud phenomenon remains unknown. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling-induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaud's disease. [Medline]. Conditions that can affect blood circulation in the feet include Raynaud’s disease, PAD, lupus, diabetes, and frostbite. Also known as Raynaud’s disease, it can occur on … 1993 Nov. 46(5):795-804. 22(3):97-101. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jun. Acta Reumatol Port. Uncontrolled blood sugar levels can cause the blood vessels in the legs and feet to become narrow and stiff. 24(6):983-91. Do your fingers and toes suddenly get cold, pale, and numb when they touch something cold? However, the overall evidence of benefits for hair health is limited. Treatment of lupus depends on the symptoms. 1982 Jan. 106(1):81-9. [Medline]. [2] See the image below. 2015 May. Raynaud's disease is an uncomfortable condition that affects the feet, hands, nose and ears, and causes super-sensitivity to changes in temperature, particularly cold temperatures.
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